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2007-10-08, 10:08

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从矿石收音机到边带电台

Revision 10, July 2006

自制业余电台的向导

作者：Frank W. Harris, K0IYE

版权所有 © Frank W. Harris, 2002, 2004, 2006

注意：西班牙语版本请见http://www.ea2ry.com/libroradio/

需要ADOBE ACROBAT阅读器

目录：

前言

Chapter 1

THE FASCINATION OF RADIO

* Exploring the shortwave bands
* Growing up in the Morse code era
* The joy of building it yourself
* A brief history of radio communication
* Henry, Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla and Marconi.
* Fessenden, Edison, Flemming, DeForest and Armstrong
* The sinking of the RMS Republic and the birth of ham radio
* Ham radio in the last 80 years
* Becoming a radio amateur

Chapter 2

HOMEBUILDING AMATEUR RADIO EQUIPMENT

* What qualifies as homebuilding?
* When homebrewing is not appropriate
* Barriers to modern homebuilding
* Time, frequency stability and lead inductance
* Basic electrical knowledge
* Magnets & static electricity
* Voltage, current, resistance, energy and power
* (Illustrated with drawings of water & mechanical analogies)
* Conductors, Insulators and semiconductors
* Capacitors, inductors, transformers & alternators
* Home power distribution, transformers at low and high frequencies

Chapter 3

SETTING UP AN ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP

* R&D as recreation
* How to build radios (or anything else) in your basement
* Persistence, read books, keep a notebook, & work in small increments
* Minimum tools needed
* The ARRL Amateur Radio Handbook
* Soldering irons and small tools
* Drills & thread taps
* Wood carving gouges for making PC boards
* >50 MHz Oscilloscope
* Frequency counter
* Quality multimeter
* Lab power supply
* Calculator
* Lab notebook
* Collection of electronic junk
* Parts catalogs
* Capacitance meter
* Test leads & socket boards
* Nice-to-have tools
* RF & audio generators, spice software & spectrum analyzer

Chapter 4

HERTZIAN WAVES IN THE BASEMENT

* The nature of radio waves
* Mechanical and LC electrical oscillators
* Antenna and transmission line theory
* Crystal set components
* LC tuner
* PN junction diode detectors
* P-type and N-type semiconductors
* Detection of AM signals
* Homebuilding the parts for a crystal set
* The Jamestown diode
* The Caribou headphone
* Revisiting Crystal Sets in 2006
* Learning to troubleshoot
* Selective tuning
* Recreating Hertzs radio equipment
* Transmitting and receiving as simply as possible
* The 1880 ten-meter communicator
* Proving that radio waves exist and arent just capacitive or magnetic coupling
* Demonstrating standing waves to measure frequency
* Building homebrew transistors
* Bipolar transistors, PNP and NPN
* Demonstrating voltage gain
* The Boulder Rock Radio

Chapter 5

GETTING ON THE AIR - DECIDING WHAT TO DO FIRST

* How to earn a license
* The rules of the homebuilding game Whatever makes you happy!
* Picking an HF band
* Getting acquainted with the HF ham bands, 160 10 meters
* Instant high quality HF communications
* VHF/ UHF handheld transceivers
* Building an antenna
* Dipoles, regular and folded
* Multi-band dipoles
* 80 meters when you dont have room for a dipole
* The curtain rod vertical
* A multi-band vertical antenna
* Lightning protection

Chapter 6

BUILDING A QRP HOMEBREW

* A single-band, crystal-controlled, QRP module
* The transmitter mainframe
* HF construction methods
* Making your own PC boards
* "Dead Bug" and "Gouged Board" construction
* Superglue "Island Boards"
* Coax jumpers
* Shielded boxes
* The complete QRP crystal-controlled transmitter
* Transistor amplifiers and oscillators
* How an amplifier becomes an oscillator
* Class A and Class C amplifiers
* Stabilizing the operating point, bypass caps and emitter resistors
* Quartz crystals the key to frequency stability
* The 40 meter QRP circuit
* Oscillator and buffer
* Inductors, RF transformers and impedance matching
* Tapped toroid inductors
* How to wind them (and mistakes you might make)
* The final amplifier stages for the QRP
* Tuned versus broadband - Use both for best results
* Bifilar wound, broadband transformers
* How to wind them (and how you might screw up)
* Ferrite bead RF chokes, expensive RF power transistors, heat sinks & output connectors
* Conquering inductors
* Calculating resonance
* Calibrating trimmer capacitors
* Calculating turns on powdered iron and ferrite toroids
* Chebyshev output low pass filters
* Keying your QRP
* MOSFET power transistors
* A "spot switch" for the QRP

Chapter 7

BUILDING A CODE PRACTICE RECEIVER

* A simple, direct-conversion receiver
* A great first project for a new ham
* Excellent sensitivity and good stability
* Poor selectivity
* Adding 700 Hz audio filtering
* High pass and low pass filters
* Cascaded bandpass filters increase selectivity
* Operational amplifiers
* Building with integrated circuits
* AM broadcast filter
* Getting rid of the image

Chapter 8

POWER SUPPLIES

* Line powered power supplies
* Power supply safety features
* Isolation, 3-conductor cords, fuses, switches, ratings
* Supply performance and regulation
* Rectification, ripple, chokes, capacitors, & bleeders
* Zeners, linear regulators, switching regulators
* A QRP regulated power supply
* A battery power supply for the radio shack
* Solar cell charging, low drop-out regulators
* Battery powered shack lighting

Chapter 9

ACCESSORIES FOR THE TRANSMITTER

* A straight key
* An electronic bug
* Building dummy loads
* "T" type antenna coupler
* A low pass filter
* How to stay legal with a homebrew transmitter
* Antenna and power relays
* Homebrew QSL cards

Chapter 10

VARIABLE FREQUENCY OSCILLATORS

* Drift is a big deal today
* Low frequency VFOs drift less than high frequency VFOs
* JFET transistors
* The oscillator circuit
* The buffer, final amplifier and output filter
* The 50 secrets of avoiding drift
* JFETs, single-side PC boards, cast metal box, multiple NPO caps, small variable caps, precision voltage regulation and

more
* Vernier tuning
* Varactor tuning elements advantages and disadvantages
* A precision power supply
* A voltage doubler power supply for battery use
* Square wave generator with a multivibrator
* Squaring up the square wave
* Charge pump, diode/ capacitor voltage doubler
* Schottky diodes for efficiency
* Temperature compensation methods
* Positive coefficient capacitive trimmer compensation
* How to adjust the compensator
* Thermistor/ varactor temperature compensation

Chapter 11

Building a VFO for the higher bands (PMOs)

* Old approaches that no longer work
* Frequency multiplication
* High frequency oscillators
* PreMix Oscillator method of frequency translation
* A VFO-controlled QRP module
* Crystal oscillators are stable, arent they?
* Crystal oscillator circuits
* Butler oscillators and big crystals
* Mixers, bipolar transistor and dual-gate MOSFET
* Optimum drive requirements
* Direction of tuning, drift error cancellation
* Multistage filters and filter/amplifiers
* The QRP final amplifier stages

Chapter 12

FINAL AMPLIFIERS

* The basic features of a modern linear power amplifier
* It looked easier in the Handbook
* Linear "noise mode" operation
* A tuned 50 watt class B amplifier
* Ferrite balun transformers
* An untuned, sort-of-linear, class B, amplifier
* Keying the 50 watt transmitter
* A linear Class AB amplifier, this time for sure
* Single Sideband (SSB) needs a linear
* Biasing without thermal runaway
* Clamp diodes prevent runaway
* Mechanical construction

Chapter 13

自制一个短波接收机

* 消失的艺术
* 什么是一个合理的目标？
* 一个“性能足够”的接收机
* 有这么复杂吗？
* 规划你的接收机
* Superhetrodynes为CW提供晶体滤波器
* 为什么不能单转换？
* 从单波段单转换的superhetrodyne开始。
* 现代接收机怎么实现的？
* 使用同轴电缆连接屏蔽块来做接收机
* 80米波段的预选器
* 由一个已调谐的transmatch来半自动接收80米波段与160米波段
* VFO
* 有魔力的混频器
* 混频器产生了太多静电噪声……尖叫声、呻吟声与喧哗声
* 由分立器件做的实际的自制混频器看起来容易
* 双路MOSFET混频器
* 所有的双路MOSFET各路都不是完全对等的
* CW用的基本的阶梯滤波器
* 所有的9.000MHz晶体都不是完全一样的
* 使用BFO振荡器来匹配你的晶体
* 使用旋钮开关切换你的滤波器
* IF放大器
* 双路IF放大器的教训
* 射地-基地放大器放大器——可变增益系数Q
* 使用AGC并不是因为奢侈
* 检波器
* 任何事都起了点作用
* AF放大器是信号动态范围的一个重要部分
* 在收到强信号时保护好你的耳朵
* 想要怎样的Hi-Fi？
* 驱动喇叭
* 其它HF波段的转换器
* 晶体振荡器
* 波段开关
* 给接收机供电
* 使用线形电源，不要用开关电源

Chapter 14

OLD-TECH VACUUM TUBE RADIO

* How old can radio technology be and still be used on the air today?
* Why bother with vacuum tubes?
* Glowing filaments, colored plasmas & Jules Verne glass envelopes
* Power supplies for tubes
* High voltage power supply safety
* The old-tech QRP transmitter
* Vacuum tube amplifiers
* The three roles of the triode filament
* RF sinewave oscillator
* Quartz crystals
* Triode and pentode oscillators
* Old-tech voltage regulation big, crude, expensive, but beautiful
* The travails of triode tubes
* The oscillator and buffer
* The final amplifier triodes chirp
* The transmitter power supply
* An inadequate supply from a 1935 radio
* A good power supply made from cheap, modern, boring parts
* How to check out junk power transformers
* A complex but adequate supply made from ancient parts
* It works! No one suspects its old and its a success on todays 40 meter band
* An old-tech receiver
* A super regenerative receiver made from ancient tubes
* The power supply
* Super-regen on the modern hambands
* Lots of fun, but not up to modern QRM & QRPs - back to the drawing board!

Chapter 15

THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR SIDEBAND

* It cant be that hard! Want to bet?
* The sideband generator how it works
* The 9 MHz oscillator / amplifier
* The audio amplifier
* The balanced modulator
* Building your own crystal ladder filter
* Decoupling the power supply leads
* Getting rid of RF feedback - RF filtering for all inputs
* Tuning and testing
* Using the generator for AM modulation and CW
* Moving the 9 MHz SSB signal to a hamband
* Move the SSB only once!
* No wonder most ham rigs are tranceivers
* Moving the 9 MHz signal to the difficult HF hambands
* Move the VFO first, then mix it with the SSB 9 MHz.
* Pick your oscillator and VFO frequencies carefully
* Hearing your own VFO in the receiver
* The hardest band 17 meters
* Covering the widest band 10 meters
* A linear sideband QRP, VFO-tuned module
* All stages must be linear and low distortion
* All gain stages should be broadband to prevent oscillation
* Sometimes high pass filter output is needed & not the usual low pass
* Checking out the generator
* Driving a 50 watt linear amplifier

Chapter 16

ANCIENT MODULATION

* Defining amplitude modulation
* Modulating vacuum tube final amplifiers
* Plate, screen & cathode modulation
* A "collector modulator"
* Converting a MOSFET keyer into a modulator
* Generating AM with an SSB balanced modulator
* Compensating for non-linearity
* Compression by accident
* You probably don't need to build a compressor
* Ham TV - The old way
* Fun with an ancient flying spot scanner TV camera

In conclusion:

Homebrew ham radio is never complete - when it works perfectly and does all the latest stuff, the hobby is over. Not likely.

Long live homebuilding!

Thanks for reading my book.

73's Frank W. Harris, K0IYE